Security levels Security levels according to IEC 62443-3-3 To categorize the severity of potential threads, protection classes are available for the various data classes a zone stores/processes or a conduit transmits. This is the basis for the required level of protection of an entire zone or conduit. In… Read More
Passwords Each (human) user of a system component needs to be identified and authenticated for all access. For that purpose, passwords can be used. Further authentication methods can be, for example, biometrics (e.g. finger print scanner, face recognition), tokens, physical keys, key cards or evaluating the geographic location… Read More
IT and OT/ICS: a comparison Note: The abbreviation ICS stands for Industrial Control System. With regard to security, a distinction must be made between different types of technology or networks: IT Information Technology Office (accounting, sales, management, …). Here, the ISO 27001 standard for the plant owner… Read More
Security from the operator’s view Introduction Note: Many requirements are listed in both standards IEC 62443-2-1 and ISO/IEC 27001 From a plant operator’s point of view, many requirements apply that are defined in both ISO/IEC 27001 (which deals with IT system security) and IEC 62443-2-1 (draft edition 2.0). Even… Read More
Logging and monitoring Log and status data as feedback for security improvements The early detection of security-relevant incidents as well of system errors and performance “bottlenecks” during operation or data transmission depends to a large extent on adequate logging and monitoring. In particular, log data and… Read More
Why cyber security? There are several definitions for cyber security, like Cyber security is the state in which the risks associated with the use of information technology are reduced to a tolerable level. Risks arise from threats and weaknesses to systems and products. Information security is… Read More
(Central) User management General considerations on user management If communication is allowed through a firewall or possible via local access, access should be protected by a user login. Users in this context may be human users, software processes, and devices used to build automation infrastructures and systems. Read More
IEC 62443 standard: security for industrial applications Overview on the parts of the standard The IEC 62443 standard series defines the necessary security processes and functional measures for device/component manufacturers, system integrators, and operators of machines and plants. It is a common security standard for industrial automation systems and… Read More
Anti-malware inspection The list of security incidents in industry is growing longer all the time: Stuxnet, Industroyer, TRITON, or WannaCry are examples of malware/ransomware which attacked SCADA systems, safety controllers etc. While anti-virus/anti-malware software is common and widespread on IT systems, OT components are often still unprotected. Read More
Security-relevant laws and industrial standards It is important to understand that IT security is not only a new “product feature” that a vendor can implement more or less well at its own discretion. Instead, the integration of security features into automation equipment, systems and components is now required… Read More
